Personality and Social Psychology Method †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Personality and Social Psychology Method. Answer: Introduction: For a long period, is has been believed that women will generally do worse in tests, not ready for promotions and underestimate their abilities in comparison to men. Today, women have progressed from those beliefs and in the USA; for example, more of them have attained tertiary education than men. Women are currently outdoing the men in most levels of employment making such organizations to outperform those dominated by men. Even though, the rate of career development is still very low regarding the female workers. Research has shown that there are very few women in top employment positions and the number does not promise to rise. It is claimed that maternal roles contribute to this lag through a complicated load between work and home. Institutional and cultural barriers are also found to contribute to women failure. Lack of confidence is the greatest explanation for the failure of women. In (Shipman and Katty), Womenomics presents the elusive nature of confidence to cover both the accomplished and the credentialed women. Successful and great industry pioneers have always denied deserving of promotion and have been unsure if they should really have done the big projects. These are the women who could be assumed to be brimming with confidence in the society yet they are filled with self-doubt. Most successful women believe that the men, even those who have not achieved much, have similarly high levels of confidence. Greatly accomplished women in the Silicon Valley are few and have convinced themselves that university courses hard to them are easier to others. In Confidence Gap, confidence is explained from genetic traits and their manifestation, to create a vast gap between the confidence of women and that of men. This disparity is explained by differences in biology and upbringing. Success and confidence correlate closely to competence. Confidence is acquired by working. The males are found to negotiate for salary increment four times than men and the few women who do it ask for 30% lesser than that of the male counterparts. Strangely, The Dunning-Kruger Effect established that the lesser competent people are, the more they overestimate their abilities. The Effect aimed to establish the truth in the preconceived notions on the ability of the confidence of women. In the research, students rated their own abilities and the women rated more negatively (Katty et al. 1-18). Women without knowledge in some fields are shunned by lack of confidence from entering those fields. Hewlett-Packard in figuring out how to get more women into top positions, results showed that underprepared and underqualified men are ready to learn, unlike the women who may even be over prepared and overqualified. Women are found to routinely underestimate both their abilities and subsequent pe rformance and this did not differ to actual performance. In summing up, men naturally tilt toward overconfidence bringing in the need to embrace confidence in the performance review process. According to (Cameron et al. 718), confidence can take a person far in life. When people think they are confident no matter of how they actually are, lack of competence does not necessarily have negative consequences (Dunning 247). Women should stop misunderstanding the law of the professional jungle and stop checking things off the lists. Women will respond to a hard tackle by saying that they knew they weren't good at it. The brains of both sexes do not have differences in structure and chemistry. Nevertheless, women form strong emotional and negative memories that possibly provide the behavioral basis for the confidence gap. However, confidence is not feeling good about oneself. It is defined as the stuff that turns thoughts into judgments and then transforms them into actions (Katty et al. 1-18). Works Cited Anderson Cameron, Sebastien Brion, Don Moore, Jessica Kennedy. "A status-enhancement account of overconfidence." Journal of personality and social psychology (2012): 718. Document. Claire Shipman , Kay Katty. Womenomics: Write your own rules for success: how to stop juggling and struggling and finally start living and working the way you really want. New York: Harper Collins, 2009. Document. Dunning, David. "The Dunning-Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance." Advances in experimental social psychology (2011): 247. Document. Kay Katty, Claire Shipman. "The confidence gap." 14 (2014): 1-18." The Atlantic (2014): 1-18. Document.