Saturday, December 28, 2019

Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury - 944 Words

The novel Fahrenheit 451 written by Ray Bradbury is a piece of literature that reveals some strange things. The author creates a proposal of how society would be if it can reach the limits, not only technological but also social and ideological. Throughout the novel, society is subject to a regime that helps to create a strange culture to have happiness. The ideologies of communism and capitalism were in a battle to enforce their ways of thinking. This is wrong because the happiness of each person depends mainly on decisions and preferences. The diversity of thoughts and different ideas with a common purpose, good and healthy coexistence is what helps for a culture development. Fahrenheit 451 is intended to deliver a message which makes an important control point. For example, Guy Montag a fireman who burns books in a futuristic American city. In Montag’s mentality, firemen start fires wherever there is a book, and not putting them out. The people in this society do not read books, books do not have a meaning for them. Instead, they watch unnecessary amounts of television on wall-size sets, and listen to the radio on â€Å"Seashell Radio† sets attached to their ears. The mentality created in this society was controlled by the government. Controlling society by demanding people what to think, instead of letting people think for themselves is not a fair encouragement, it is repressiveness to their own views, ideas and initiatives. Taking away the freedom of having personalShow MoreRelatedFahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury719 Words   |  3 PagesThe flash point of paper, or the temperature at which paper will burst in flames, is 451 degrees Fahrenh eit. In Fahrenheit 451, written by Ray Bradbury, the main character, Guy Montag, is a â€Å"fireman† in a futuristic society where he and his coworkers start fires, rather than put them out. Books are banned and burned, along with the owner of the book’s house and sometimes even the owner of the book, upon discovery. Technology has taken over in a sense that social interaction between the average personRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1952 Words   |  8 Pagesis clearly displayed in the plight of Ray Bradbury’s novel about a dystopian American society, Fahrenheit 451, which contains many ideas and bits of content that some people believed should be censored. In fact, one of the reasons that this novel was censored for displaying the dangers of censorship, which is both extremely ironic, and telling as to where this society is going. Thanks to several distributors and oversensitive parents and teachers, Fahrenheit 451 has been banned in many schools overR ead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury954 Words   |  4 Pages In Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, the author uses allegory (often misinterpreted by readers) to show the dangers of mass media consumption and the decline of reading traditional media. Many readers draw incorrect conclusions (lessons learned) from the book due to how generally the book applies its theme. Government censorship, though an important topic, is not the intended focus of the novel Fahrenheit 451. Finally, Bradbury’s original message of the book shows the beauty of traditional media andRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1592 Words   |  7 PagesWhen writing the introduction to Fahrenheit 451, author Neil Gaiman stated that â€Å"ideas--written ideas--are special. They are the way we transmit our stories and our thoughts from one generation to the next. If we lose them, we lose our shared history†. Gaiman is absolutely correct; especially because what he is saying heavily applies to books. Books are a critical aspect in shaping humanity as a whole, they create and share a network of creative ideas, history, and overall entertainment; to loseRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury918 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Fahrenheit 451,† written by Ray Bradbury, is a futuristic, dystopian novel based upon a society secluded by technology and ignorance. In this future society, books are outlawed and firemen are presented with the task of burning books that are found in people’s homes. Montag, a fireman, finds himself intrigued with the books, and begins to take them home and read them. As the story progresses, Montag learns the truth behind why books are outlawed and flees his city to join the last remnants of age-oldRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury847 Words   |  4 PagesSet Knowledge On Fire The book Fahrenheit 451 is a postmodern work by Ray Bradbury first published in 1951. In Bradbury’s story, all books are illegal and are subject to be burned by firemen. Furthermore, the two predominant themes of Fahrenheit 451 are censorship and ignorance. The censorship implemented over the years removes all information from society that is necessary to learn, which accomplishes to prevent people from questioning anything. The ignorance of society has been fostered and theRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1661 Words   |  7 Pages1.) In the novel, Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, Montag’s view on life reverses. Two characters the influence the main character Guy Montag are the old lady whose house and books were burnt down and Mildred. The old lady was caught preserving books in her home. Firemen including Montag were ordered to burn the books. The old lady refused to leave her books, so she too was burned. She bravely gave an allusion as her last words, â€Å"Play the man,’ she said, ‘Master Ridley.’ Something, somethingRead MoreFahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury818 Words   |  4 PagesFAHRENHEIT 451 BY RAY BRADBURY Important People in Montag’s Life In Partical Fulfillment Of English 2 Ms Irina Abramov By Helen Hernandez November 9, 2012 â€Å"There are worse crimes than burning books. One of them is not reading them† -Ray Bradbury. In the past there were events that affected book writers. People will get together to burn books because they thought it was inappropriate or they were against their literature. Montag is a fireman in a futuristic society who would startRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury863 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel, Fahrenheit 451 was written by Ray Bradbury and it took place in the dystopian future. Throughout each novel, we are able to see a major theme, which is censorship. In this essay, I will explain how this theme are explored in the story by using the literary devices. To begin with, in this novel, censorship is not given a straight description, but we can see how the author shows it through many literary elements, such as using the setting, tone and symbolisms even foreshadowing. This novelRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1544 Words   |  7 PagesRay Bradbury, the author of Fahrenheit 451, expresses his perspective on life in an interview. His interview contains a common theme: Do what you love, and love what you do (Bradbury). Bradbury sends a message in his interview that people should love life, and live to the fullest because he believes life is a beautiful thing. Although Bradbury no longer can demonstrate his love for life his message still lives in the pages of Fahrenheit 451. The Government of the society in the novel has told their

Friday, December 20, 2019

A Soldier s Sacrifice Military Influence On The...

A Soldier’s Sacrifice: Military Influence in Music into the Twentieth Century The progressive era was a period of social activism and political reform that tested the strength of the country’s military. The devastating conflict of World War permeated much distress, that resulted in many American troops to be deployed overseas in active warzones. Music became a prominent feature on the battlefield and home front. The destruction of war created a motivation for political change and an inspiration to many artists. The strength of the American solider became an influence for the ideal man who was a caring husband, son, patriot, and proud protector of his country. Furthermore, the American male image was utilized by the government for†¦show more content†¦He describes her heart to be â€Å"filled with pain† and â€Å"full of despair† when she sends him off to his inevitable death in which â€Å"he will never return again†. Dresser lyrics detail the agony of a mother handing over her son to the army, assured of his death, proving that mothers were deeply impacted from the effects of war. â€Å"Just A Lock of Hair For Mother† by Andrew Sterling also shows this relationship between mother and son. The mother is illustrated to be one of the most important role in the softheartedness that a soldier may have for someone back home. Multiple songs have this centered around the relationship of a woman and son to evoke empathy. â€Å"Her Boy In Blue† by Chas W. Doty uses this tenderness when expressing a military husband and wife. Even after the soldier has left, the girl that he left will â€Å"always be true†. The roles of a brother or father are not mentioned in the militaristic pieces and would mostly likely be considered odd, if so. This is because of the gentleness that the mother or wife gives that the audience of the piece can relate to and create a deeper effect on the pain at which war causes to families back home. The perception of military men is caring, loyal, and loving family men that miss home. However, women were not the only objects used to represent the identity of a solider. Doty’s â€Å"Her Boy In Blue† placesShow MoreRelatedWork Life Balance : Myth Or Reality? Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesWork-Life Balance: Myth or Reality? The period of the mid-nineteenth century to the dawn of the twentieth century is characterized by a patriarchal society and female dependence, with women struggling to attain social equality. Women, who were previously unable to hold dominant positions in society, have now become active participants in all aspects of modern life. Society today has started recognizing the individual identity of women. She is believed to have her aspirations, abilities and qualitiesRead MoreThe Rise Of The 19th Century1441 Words   |  6 PagesThe 19th century contributed to Europe’s history in the form of ideologies. In contrast to the 20th century, there were no wars or acts of violence used to support these ideologies; instead the forces of capitalism drove the history of the 19th century. By this notion, the last time Europe had experienced extreme forms of violence was during the French Revolution, therefore the decades before the 20th century were relatively peaceful. In the summer of 191 4, Europe crossed the point of no return withRead MoreThe Battle Of The War2555 Words   |  11 Pagesthe Confederacy. His tactic, deemed total war by historians, aimed to bring the horrors of war to civilians in the heart of the South. Sherman’s focus on destroying the manufacturing, logistical, and farming bases that supported the Confederate soldiers and civilians, is viewed by many as heinous and unnecessarily brutal. The strategy remains the focus of much analysis and criticism. To this day, many Southerners continue to vilify Sherman for the destruction he caused. This approach to war beganRead MoreEssay about Profession of Arms11066 Words   |  45 PagesProfession of Arms campaign is for Soldiers and leaders to refine their understanding of what it means to be professionals--expert members of the Profession of Arms--after nine years of war and to recommit to a culture of service and the responsibilities and behaviors of our profession as articulated in the Army Ethic. GEN Martin E. Dempsey, CG, TRADOC The preeminent military task, and what separates [the military profession] from all other occupations, is that soldiers are routinely prepared to kill†¦inRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages E SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and CultureRead MoreEssay on The Real Hero of Titus Andronicus1812 Words   |  8 Pagesprovides Shakespeare with his basic characters and the events involving Lavinia, his Philomela, while Ovids fourth age of iron describes Shakespeares physical Rome, a quintessentially iron city, writes Miola, a military establishment protected by walls and filled with sword-carrying soldiers (Mythos 91). The ancient Roman myth of the God Saturn, who devoured his children to remain in power himself, must have been another story Shakespeare used to develop his Roman characters in Titus, Miola says.Read MorePolitical Behaviour Impact to Leadership Excellence11497 Words   |  46 Pagesgroups outside the government who are striving to influence or take possession of the government. The volume ends as we reach the special organized activities of the state, as exemplified by legislative and administrative institutions. Political behavior is political activity common to all politics. Certain principles of political science apply both to political behavior and governmental organizations. We find, for instance, that lawyers, soldiers, and professors maintain characteristic habits bothRead MoreBook Review Wild Swans3272 Words   |  14 Pagesdisillusionment. She interweaves personal and historical stories fluently and the stories of these women and their families act as a lens through which you gain insight into the turbulent history of twentieth century China. The most important themes in this book are: love of family, loyalty and self-sacrifice 2. Chapter Summaries The book starts by relating the biography of Changs grandmother, Yu-fang. After the birth of Chang’s mother, De-hong, the book moves to her story. After the birth of theRead MoreThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 Pageswater resources influence early Middle Eastern civilizations? ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN EMPIRES page 14 HOW DID conquest and trade shape early empires in the Near East? EARLY INDIAN CIVILIZATION page 16 WHAT INFLUENCES did the first Indus valley civilization have on later Indian religious and social practices? EARLY CHINESE CIVILIZATION page 23 WHY DID large territorial states arise in ancient China? THE RISE OF CIVILIZATION IN THE AMERICAS page 27 HOW DID agriculture influence the developmentRead More American Hegemony in the Twenty-First Century: Consensus and Legitimacy6594 Words   |  27 PagesAmerican Hegemony in the Twenty-First Century: Consensus and Legitimacy Abstract: Since the end of the Cold War, the United States has been the world’s only unquestioned superpower. How the United States evaluates its position as global hegemon has important consequences for American foreign policy, particularly with regards to the potential for future policy constraints. Thus, this paper seeks to consider the question: How durable is American hegemony? The paper first defines the state

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Personality and Social Psychology Method †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Personality and Social Psychology Method. Answer: Introduction: For a long period, is has been believed that women will generally do worse in tests, not ready for promotions and underestimate their abilities in comparison to men. Today, women have progressed from those beliefs and in the USA; for example, more of them have attained tertiary education than men. Women are currently outdoing the men in most levels of employment making such organizations to outperform those dominated by men. Even though, the rate of career development is still very low regarding the female workers. Research has shown that there are very few women in top employment positions and the number does not promise to rise. It is claimed that maternal roles contribute to this lag through a complicated load between work and home. Institutional and cultural barriers are also found to contribute to women failure. Lack of confidence is the greatest explanation for the failure of women. In (Shipman and Katty), Womenomics presents the elusive nature of confidence to cover both the accomplished and the credentialed women. Successful and great industry pioneers have always denied deserving of promotion and have been unsure if they should really have done the big projects. These are the women who could be assumed to be brimming with confidence in the society yet they are filled with self-doubt. Most successful women believe that the men, even those who have not achieved much, have similarly high levels of confidence. Greatly accomplished women in the Silicon Valley are few and have convinced themselves that university courses hard to them are easier to others. In Confidence Gap, confidence is explained from genetic traits and their manifestation, to create a vast gap between the confidence of women and that of men. This disparity is explained by differences in biology and upbringing. Success and confidence correlate closely to competence. Confidence is acquired by working. The males are found to negotiate for salary increment four times than men and the few women who do it ask for 30% lesser than that of the male counterparts. Strangely, The Dunning-Kruger Effect established that the lesser competent people are, the more they overestimate their abilities. The Effect aimed to establish the truth in the preconceived notions on the ability of the confidence of women. In the research, students rated their own abilities and the women rated more negatively (Katty et al. 1-18). Women without knowledge in some fields are shunned by lack of confidence from entering those fields. Hewlett-Packard in figuring out how to get more women into top positions, results showed that underprepared and underqualified men are ready to learn, unlike the women who may even be over prepared and overqualified. Women are found to routinely underestimate both their abilities and subsequent pe rformance and this did not differ to actual performance. In summing up, men naturally tilt toward overconfidence bringing in the need to embrace confidence in the performance review process. According to (Cameron et al. 718), confidence can take a person far in life. When people think they are confident no matter of how they actually are, lack of competence does not necessarily have negative consequences (Dunning 247). Women should stop misunderstanding the law of the professional jungle and stop checking things off the lists. Women will respond to a hard tackle by saying that they knew they weren't good at it. The brains of both sexes do not have differences in structure and chemistry. Nevertheless, women form strong emotional and negative memories that possibly provide the behavioral basis for the confidence gap. However, confidence is not feeling good about oneself. It is defined as the stuff that turns thoughts into judgments and then transforms them into actions (Katty et al. 1-18). Works Cited Anderson Cameron, Sebastien Brion, Don Moore, Jessica Kennedy. "A status-enhancement account of overconfidence." Journal of personality and social psychology (2012): 718. Document. Claire Shipman , Kay Katty. Womenomics: Write your own rules for success: how to stop juggling and struggling and finally start living and working the way you really want. New York: Harper Collins, 2009. Document. Dunning, David. "The Dunning-Kruger Effect: On Being Ignorant of One's Own Ignorance." Advances in experimental social psychology (2011): 247. Document. Kay Katty, Claire Shipman. "The confidence gap." 14 (2014): 1-18." The Atlantic (2014): 1-18. Document.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Marketing Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Marketing Persuasive Essay ?NAME:Article Applying to MarketingThe article I am writing the essay on ?Is The Tech Out Of Steam?, it can befound on pages 30 32 in the March 15, 1999 issue of Business Week. The articlewas about how the demand and profits for the computer industry might beslipping. This opinion began being felt on Feb. 16th when Hewlett-Packard Co. and Dell Computer Corp. announced quarterly results were down. Thatdisappointed Wall Street and their stock prices were punished. Many researchcontinues to point out that this industry might be on its way down, in terms offinancial gain. The industry will always be alive and kicking, but as prices continueto drop, profits will drop as well. That is a good thing for consumers, but a badthing for businesses. Although the research continues to point out the decline,nobody is predicting this to be a long-term slowdown or a significant fall indemand for high tech gear. Corporate demand for PCs is dwindling, therefore inorder for companies to sell, they must lower their prices. The price for a top of theline PC continues to drop. Every time Intel produces a new processor, they freezethe market. When Intel introduced its new Pentium III, they advertised it cheaperthan their previous Pentium II. Consumers seeing that wont pay top dollar forPCs anymore. That is one of the main reasons the ind ustry is at a lull. The onlycompanies that seem to be prospering are those whose main focus is the Internet. Those companies will continue to prosper as the Internet becomes (already is) themain focus of communication. This article can relate to class many different ways. Not only in differentways, but also areas. The fact that the computer industry profit margin is at a low,is supported by a lot of research. This research is quantitative in that, it is given inpercentages and statistics. For example, A survey for top corporations by marketresearch firm Forrester Research Inc, shows they plan to raise informationtechnology spending by just 1% this year, down from 4% in 1998. Thisquantitative research that is shown throughout the entire article is also primarydata. Unlike the law of diminishing demand which relates to most of the businessworld, the demand for computers is falling, as is the price. The graph on the firstpage on the article clearly shows that the first-quarter PC sales is down halfcompared to 1996. Then in the article it says the pricing pressure is spreadingwhere sub $1000 PCs are ruling. Pentium also shows an example of a productline. Their Pentium II and Pentium III processors are only a few in a line of 10 orso. Finally, the last thing that relates to class is how Intel acts as a reference groupand/or group leader to the entire market. It says in the article that when Intelreleases a new processor, the entire market freezes. That just shows that manycompanies basically stop and watch the Intel product through the market in itsearly stages. Business Reports

Thursday, November 28, 2019

11 Inspiring, Uplifting Quotes for Dad

11 Inspiring, Uplifting Quotes for Dad Playing daddy all the time can be a tiresome task. Dads sometimes feel ignored, unappreciated, and even unwanted in their own family. When that happens, it is time for some words of inspiration. Inspirational dad quotes will pep up any sagging spirit. Dad Quotes for Inspiration Harry S. Truman I have found the best way to give advice to your children is to find out what they want and then advise them to do it. Lydia M. Child Blessed indeed is the man who hears many gentle voices call him father! Kent Nerburn It is much easier to become a father than to be one. Euripides Noble fathers have noble children. Richard Henry Dana Better to be driven out from among men than to be disliked of children. Douglas MacArthur By profession, I am a soldier and take pride in that fact. But I am prouder - infinitely prouder - to be a father. A soldier destroys in order to build; the father only builds, never destroys. The one has the potentiality of death; the other embodies creation and life. And while the hordes of death are mighty, the battalions of life are mightier still. It is my hope that my son, when I am gone, will remember me not from the battlefield but in the home repeating with him our simple daily prayer, Our Father who art in Heaven. Anonymous One night a father overheard his son pray Dear God, Make me the kind of man my Daddy is. Later that night, the Father prayed Dear God, Make me the kind of man my son wants me to be. Croesus In peace, the sons bury their fathers, but in war, the fathers bury their sons. Sir Stephen Spender When a child, my dreams rode on your wishes, I was your son, high on your horse, my mind a top whipped by the lashes of your rhetoric, windy of course. Chinese Proverb If a son is uneducated, his dad is to blame. Jan Hutchins When I was a kid, my father told me every day, Youre the most wonderful boy in the world, and you can do anything you want to.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Shutdown At Eastland Essays

Shutdown At Eastland Essays Shutdown At Eastland Essay Shutdown At Eastland Essay A city-wide announcement of the plant’s closing due to failing sales, stock reduction, and inconsistency with the economy’s change. An employment renewal contract can be issued to older workers whom wish to relocate to other plants within the nation. This could present the company as an affectionate and ethical organization that is concerned of Northland’s health (Bowie Beauchamp,1993, p.98).The re-investment in the town or an employee benefit program could help displaced workers with financial vulnerability once MG closes. Press Conference Addressing Issue On the other hand, MG should host a press conference or city meeting to hear the voices of the community. Our company’s presence has helped Northland become what it is today.   The citizens deserve a right to argue their position of what the company could do to their town. We, MG, may run into issues of petitions, an economic shift within the city, and possibly a deserted town once jobs are lost (Bowie Beauchamp, 1993, p.99). If we are not to remain functioning, I believe the town’s people should have a chance to redeem themselves. Northland’s Economic Climate The city of Northland may suffer from the closing of the manufacturing plant. The economic climate changes with the progress of the plant; negative affects of lost revenue could harm the city. With over 3,700 employees, Northland’s 26,000 city population risks a town losing its substance (Bowie Beauchamp,1993, p.98). In retrospect, the city of Northland developed with the process of MG’s performance over the years. Our consideration of their efforts to increase revenue, supply jobs, and harbor the workings of a system outweighs cut profits. Northland’s city will not be able to suffice a huge lost as 3,000+ jobs are taken from its citizens (Bowie Beauchamp, 1993, p.99). As an organization of integrity, can MG handle such an impression placed on a community due to profit loss? The numbers or a team of engineers should come into to re-evaluate the current operations to secure more funding for renovation. MG and Northland Response MG should enlist the laid off employees into an unemployment benefits to accommodate their lost salary. City officials may propose a solution as well through press conferences and company events within the community. Organize meetings for each shift of workers to discuss the current position of the company in its industry. Their input could be valuable in finding the proper solution to increase sales, prepare investment strategies, or declare implausible by reports. Announcement to corporate office of the decision to close the plant may save the company money. Its other issues involve finding a business to replace its capacity within the Northland community. Leave With Dignity Host a farewell community event where workers can have an opportunity to discuss their take on the issue so the decision to close may be resolved. An investment of $9.6 million could save the community and many jobs for the current employees (Bowie Beauchamp, 1993, p.99).MG’s position as a mini-van manufacturer may keep it in the sloping profits if it continues to create product. An annual report on the company’s change or increased sales could sway the public’s opinion of closing the plant.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Identification of Relevant and Irrelevant Cost - Coca Cola Flavored Essay

Identification of Relevant and Irrelevant Cost - Coca Cola Flavored Milk - Essay Example In the mid of 2007, the company underwent some serious planning regarding the extension of current product lines. Carbonated drinks, mineral water, fruit juices and other non-alcoholic beverages were already there in company’s product portfolio, yet the company realized the importance of adding a new product in the form of flavored milks. The launch of this new product under the name of Coca-Cola’s brand name is one of the most challenging tasks for the product managers as well as the project managers of the company. The research and development department of the company undertook rigorous workings on the proposed launch of flavored milk. The whole research process followed the different stages including planning, development of the new product, testing, commercial viability, branding, initial launch of the new product and many other activities. Each of these activities had its own cost estimates which are considered as either relevant or non-relevant. Planning Stage Th e planning stage is the general stage for all those products that are intended to be launched. The costs arising due to this activity are always considered as irrelevant because the planning process always keeps going on irrespective of the fact whether a new product is launched or not in the current timeframe. The general expenditure of Coca-Cola on account of its planning activity amounts to around $1 million annually. However, this cost is the general expense of the company and cannot be allocated to the product cost of flavored milk. Development Stage Once a basic formula is identified for one or more products, then development stage is commenced in order to create a better product. However, this activity is carried out for every product that can be produced by the company irrespective of the fact whether it would be launched by the company or not. As a result, the expenditures pertaining to this particular stage are considered to be irrelevant and assumed to be accounted for as the general research and development expenditures of the company. The rough estimates of Coca-Cola under this activity, ranges between $1 and $3 million depending upon the level of estimates. Testing Stage After the products are developed, there comes the next stage in which the products are gone through rigorous testing activities such that the products are tested in a real environment and timeframe. The taste, quality, odor, and other characteristics of the product are tested by the consumers as how they rate those products as per their own taste preferences. Since this process also occurs on uniform basis for every developed product, therefore the cost pertaining to testing is considered as irrelevant. Roughly estimates of this cost ranges around $0.5 million to$2 million a year and is expensed out on general basis. Commercial Viability Testing stage leads to the stage where the products are checked for their viability as to whether a particular product would be liked and accept ed by the consumers, concerns of distributers regarding the effective transportation of the product as the product is at its birth stage and with many other issues. This cost is the piercing cost among the relevant and irrelevant cost. It depends upon the policy of the company whether to account for this cost as a relevant or irrelevant cost. Branding After it is decided as to which product is going to be launched in the market, effective marketing strategies are formulated